PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - Gaseous State

Matter exist in three states - solid , liquid, or gas. A solid possesses definite shape and definite volume. It also possesses definite geometry with orderly array of atoms, molecules or ions in the structure. The constituents of solid are held close together by strong attractive forces. A liquid, on the other hand, has a definite volume but no definite shape. The constituents of a liquid are held by molecular forces, which are not so strong as in a solid. A gas has neither definite shape nor definite volume. In gaseous state, the molecular forces are much weaker. Gaseous state is the simplest state of matter.

Gases are Generally Classified two Category:-

1. Ideal Gas

2. Non-Ideal Gas

Important Law's Used in the Gaseous State :-

1. Boyle's Law :- This law was first given by Robert Boyle's in 1662. The law is based upon the series of experimentsin which he observed the effect of pressure on the volume of a given amount of air at constant temprature. On the basis of result he put forward a law known as Boyle's law, the law is stated as :
" At constant temprature, the volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure."

2. Charle's Law :- This law is given by charles in 1787. Charle's law stated as :-
"Pressure remaing constant, the volume of a given mass of a gas increase or decrease by 1/273 of its volume at 0*C for every degree rise or fall temprature."

3. Avogadro's Law :- Avogadro in 1811 suggested that "equal volume of different gases at the same temprature and pressure contain equal number of molecules."

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Concept of Isomerism

The compound which differ in their chemical and physical properties, but have the same molecular formula are known as isomers and the phenomenon is known as Isomerism. Example of this are ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether have the same molecular formula and have distinctly different compounds.

<b>Isomerism are classified into following :-</b>

<b>1. Structural Isomerism :- </b> Isomers which differ in the arrangement of atoms within the molecule are known as structural isomers and the phenomenon are known as Structural Isomerism.

Structural Isomerism further classified as :-

* Chain Isomerism :- Isomers which differ in the arrangement of corbon atom with in tthe molecule are known as Chain isomers and the phenomenon is known as Chain Isomerism.

* Position Isomerism :- Isomers which differ in the position of attached multiple bond or groupare known as position isomers and the phenomenon are known as Position Isomerism.

* Functional Isomerism :- Isomers which differ in the nature of the functional groups, associated with them are known as functional isomers and the phenomenon is known as Functional Isomerism.

* Metamerism :- Isomers which differ in the number of alkyl groups attached on either side of the functional group in the molecule are known as metamers and the phenomenon is known as Metamerism.

* Tautomerism :- Special type of isomers which exist in dynamic equilibirium with each other are known as tautomers and the phenomenon are known as Tautomerism.

* Ring-Chain Isomerism :- Isomers having open chain and cyclic structure are known as ring chain isomersand the phenomenon are known as Ring-Chain Isomerism.

<b>Stereo Isomerism :-</b> Ismers having the same structural formula but differ only in the spatial arrangement of the constituent atoms or groups are known as stereo isomers and the phenomenon are known as Stereo Isomerism.

Stereo Isomerism are further classified as :-

* Configurational Stereoisomerism :- The stereo isomers which interconvert with difficulty and thus are isolable under normal conditions are known as Configurational isomer and the phenomenon are known as Configurational Stereoisomerism.

* Conformational Stereoisomerism:- The stereo isomers which are easily interconvertible into each other at room temprature through rotations about single bonds are known as conformational isomers and phenomenon are known as Conformational Isomerism.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY :- Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bonding involves electron cloud transfer from hydrogen atom to the neighbouring electronegative atom and occurs in any system containing a proton donor group (X-H; OH, COOH, CONH2 ) and a proton acceptor provided the s-orbital of the proton can effectively overlap the p or pi orbital of the acceptor group. The strength of the hydrogen bond is at a maximum when the proton donor group and axis of lone pair orbital are collinear and is inversely proportional to the distance between X and Y.

When hydrogen is bonded to one of the highly electronegative atoms such as florine, oxygen, or nitrogen the shared pair of electrons of the covalent bond moves towards the more electronegative atom and the bond becomes considerable polar with the hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and more electronegative atom carrying a partial negative charge.
When such molecule come closure , dipole-dipole attraction weakly binds the molecules together through hydrogen and is known as <b>hydrogen bonding</b>

<b>Classification of Hydrogen Bonding:-</b>
<b>1. Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding :- </b> Intermolecular hydrogen bonding resulting in association of two or more molecule of the same or different compounds is known as intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Example of this is , the hydrogen bonding in water, alcohols and carboxylic acid is intermolecular .

<b>2. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding :-</b> Intramolecular hydrogen bond is formed between two atoms of the same molecule. Result of a five or six membered ring known as chelate ring, is formed.
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs in o-Hydroxycorbonyl compounds, salicylic. And also in o-dihydroxybenzene and o-nitrophenol etc.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Structure and Bonding

The main feature of organic chemistry is the covalent bond. The covalent bond, formed as a result of sharing of electrons between two atoms, is generally called a <b>Chemical Bond</b>. Lewis first presented the concept of covalent bond in organic chemistry. These were subsequently classified into polar and non-polar bonds, depending upon the electonegativitiesof the bonded atoms. A knowledge of the nature and strength of bonds is essential for understanding the structural concept of organic molecules. Before studying the synthesis and determination of structure of organic compounds, the study, both chemical and kinetic, of organic reactions.

<b>Various terms used in Structure and Bonding :-</b>

<b>Bond Length :-</b> The interatomic or internuclear distance in a covalent molecule is known as bond length. Bond length are generally affected by the hybridization, electronegativity, steric effect or delocalization.

<b>Bond Angles :-</b> An angle between adjacent bonds in polyatomic molecule is called bond angle. The shape of the molecule are dependent on the bond angles.

<b>Bond Energy :-</b> Bond energy is the average bond dissociation energy of particular type of bonds in multiatomic molecule. It is simply denoted by 'E'. Bond energy is measure the strength of a bond, greater the bond energy, stronger is the bond.

<b>Localized Bond :-</b> If the electron forming a covalent bond remain confined to the space between the two bonded atom only, such electrons are called localized electron and the bond formed by these electrons are known as localized bond.

<b>Delocalized Bond :-</b> If the electron forming a covalent bond are not confined to the space between the two bonded atoms, the electrons are called delocalized electrons and bond formed by these electrons are known as the delocalized bond.

<b>Resonance Energy :-</b> The concept of resonance has been developed by analogy to quantum and wave mechanics and applied to organic structural representations. The difference in energy between the resonance hybrid structure and the most stable chemical structure, is known as a resonance energy.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An INTRODUCTION

Inorganic Chemistry is the branch of the chemistry which deals with the study of the behavior of inorganic and organic metallic compounds. Inorganic chemistry has the applications of the chemical industry in every aspects Like  Including Materials Science,Medicine, Fuel, Pigments, catalysis and also Agriculture Inorganic Chemistry. Inorganic chemistry are are emplyed the generation in inorganic branch of chemistry such as Mining and Microchip Industries, Environmental Science and education. Their work is depend upon the understand the behaviour of elements of inorganic chemistry and analogues for inorganic elements. And how these materials can be Modified, Separated or used– after in product of applications. It includes the mining of different metal from the earth surface and separate these metal from other impurities .

* Inorganic Chemistry Is a Creative Field.

* Inorganic Chemistry Important For Mining Field.

* Inorganic Chemistry is changing a Market.

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

Chemestry is an intresting but a complicated subject. But chemistry explain a many subject like Fireworks and Explosions all are based on the chemistry. So it is definitely not a boring and complicated subject. However, everyone can Understand about basics of chemistry like how things happened and work,, ,, and that is the study of chemistry.

CHEMISTRY EXPLAIN :-

1. Environmental Issues :- Chemistry and Environment relation is really intresting. One compound of chemistry make a nutrients than other compound make the environment pollution. Chemistry tell us that how can we protect the environment on the other hand on chemical reactions pollute the environment .

MEDICINE :- We have to need to understand about basic chemistry so we can understand how Vitamins, Supplements and Drugs can help human health or harm the human health you. On the part of the Importance of basic of chemistry lie in between developing and testing and creating a new medical treatments and medicines for Human Health.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - IMPORTANCE

Organic Chemistry is 'I Think' a Intresting Subject to Discuss.

Organic chemistry is a chemistry involve the scientific study of the structure and reactions of organic material and organic compound, i.e. matter contain carbon atoms. Also human bodies dna , Peptide , Proteins, And Enzymes and also many other organic minearal are present in our bodies. Organic compounds are present in all around us in environment. Organic chemistry are very useful also for industries. The many products are made by the organic such as the rubber, plastics, fuel, cosmetics,rubber, detergent, coatings, dyestuffs, and agrichemicals industries. Also organic compounds are very useful for the biochemistry, biotechnology, and medicine. Many medicine are made by an organic compounds.Which is very useful in our life . And Also Organic chemistry play an very important role in a economic growth of our countary .